ANTH 309 – Interpreting Space and Place: An Introduction to Archaeological GIS
Semester II 2008 - Mondays and Thrusdays 10:00-10:50am
Office Hours: Monday 2-3pm; Thursday 2-4pm
Department of Anthropology, Sociology, and Gender Studies
University of Otago

Download Complete Course Outline here

INTRODUCTION AND COURSE DESCRIPTION

Course overview

This course critically engages the anthropology of space and place and the associated role of computer mapping and spatial analysis within archaeology. The course covers theoretical, historical and methodological trends encapsulated within the relatively new rubric of digital archaeology. The course will focus on providing students with a theoretical background in the utility of computer mapping for addressing broadly-conceived anthropological questions. The general outline will pair theoretical readings with archaeological case studies from around the world. The motivation for this approach is to ground students in recent literature and provide the tools to accurately assess the usefulness of specific spatial analysis methods in relation to the various theoretical positions.  Some basic archaeological computing instruction will help facilitate students’ grasp of the material covered in lectures and laboratories.
From this course it is expected that students shall:

  1. Dissect theoretical frameworks utilized by archaeologists in spatial analysis
  2. Cogently discuss the differences of space, place, and landscape in archaeology and the subsequent theoretical hazards of privileging one over the other or any over culture
  3. The history and trends of using geographical information systems (GIS) in archaeology; including the acquisition and management of data, various spatial analysis methods (surface and subsurface), re-creating past archaeological landscapes virtually, and fully understand what developing trends in ‘digital archaeology’ entail

Course Website: http://www.little-yeti.com/anth309/

Course Contributors

This course is taught by Edward González-Tennant.
Edward González-Tennant is a PhD candidate in anthropology. While trained mainly in the US, he has undertaken work with researchers in New Zealand, Peru, Alaska, Norway and China. His academic focus is divided between investigating identity as expressed archaeologically as well as the methodological focus of geographical information systems. After graduating from the University of Arkansas (BA Hons), which included thirteen months as a visiting Fulbright Scholar at the University of Otago, he completed a M Sc at Michigan Technological University and a M A at the University of Florida. His research continues to explore the use of digital archaeology to explore anthropological issues.

Classes

Lectures: There are 26 numbered lectures of fifty minutes duration, representing the 13 weeks of semester 2 (allowing for the mid-semester break). Lectures begin in week 28 of the year, which is the first week of Semester 2 (7-11 July). There are two scheduled lecture times per week. The lectures themselves will focus on the required readings with approximately 5-10 minutes at the end reserved for a few brief comments on the recommended readings. While the reading list may seem daunting, many of them are short and we will discuss each one in class.

Readings
: Required and recommended readings will be available either on course reserve or electronically (or both).  Students are only responsible for reading the required texts, other readings labelled recommended are supplied for students to explore topics only if they wish.

Laboratories
: there are no laboratories for this paper.

Class/laboratory handouts and
Blackboard: Selected lecture notes, additional readings and laboratory/practical instructions will be posted on Blackboard, the instructor’s course website, or distributed as class handouts.


Internal Assessment

Essay                                    1          25%
Projects                               
4          40%

Essay: Students will choose a topic and write a final essay due the last Friday of Semester Two. The essay will be approximately 4,000 words. This assignment will actually be spread out over the term as students will also create annotated bibliographies in preparation. Students are encouraged to begin with the recommended readings as source material for research topics.
Possible topics include, but are not limited to:
            Theory in Archaeology and its Relation to GIS
            Summarizing a Specific Method in Archaeological GIS (with a global perspective)
            The Intersections between Landscape and Digital Archaeology
Essay topics must be decided upon before the mid-semester break.
Annotated bibliographies are due no later than 18 September. The annotated bibliography will take the form of 15 pieces of literature. These 15 must include no more than 5 required readings and 5 recommended readings. In other words, students are expected to familiarize themselves with AT LEAST five sources not specifically listed in this course outline. The instructor will provide a handout prior to the mid-semester break about annotated bibliography formats.

Projects:
Four projects will be assigned and completed by students throughout the semester. These projects are designed to get students thinking about archaeological practice and its relationship to various digital technologies as well as theoretical paradigms. It is expected that any one project will require less than five hours of out-of-class time, for a semester total of less than twenty hours of student’s time. Also, several of the projects are fun, you get to talk about the world around you and your opinion matters!

Project One – Is there a Difference between the Social and ‘Hard’ Sciences. Students will ask four individuals to fill out a short questionnaire about two similar objects (two from a humanities departments and two from a sciences department). These questionnaires will be provided by the instructor on 14 July and will be due no later than 28 July.

Project Two
– Students will select a place in Dunedin that is meaningful to either themselves or others and analyse it based on the theoretical perspectives within landscape archaeology (e.g., as a site of power, as a site of memory, as a site of social order, as a site of identity). A short (3-5 page) report will be due no later than 14 August.

Project Three
– a take home assignment about predictive site modelling. As the most written about aspect of Archaeological GIS, students will be given an assignment asking them to visually select the most suitable areas of a grid based on pre-defined variable limits (e.g., slope, soil type, distance to water). Students will have one week to complete the assignment and turn it in no later than 25 September.

Project Four
– The Benefits and Dangers of Electronic Publication of Archaeological Material. Students will select an online (internet-based) archaeological report/webpage. This can be an official park’s web presence, and archaeological blog, or anything else that uses the internet to disseminate archaeological knowledge. The student will write a short (3-5 page) critical review of the website discussing whether they think the publication of the specific data in question is beneficial, harmful or meaningless. This is an opinion paper; I want to know what you honestly think as a consumer of archaeological knowledge (and hopefully an eventual producer)


Final Exam

The final exam is 2 hours. It is worth 35% of your final (total) mark for the course.
There are two sections. Section A includes 20 multiple-choice questions drawn from the course. These are each worth 1%, so that this section represents 20% of your final grade in total. Section B requires you to choose one essay topic only (among a number of essay options). The essay is worth 15% of the final grade.
A review sheet will be provided by the instructor on the last day of lectures. It will contain more information than will be on the test (including all possible essay topics). If you study and know the review sheet, you will definitely know what is on the final exam. The review sheet will also list four possible essay questions, three of which will be on the final, one of which you will select as the essay portion of the final exam.


Assessment summary

Essay                            1          25%
In-class Projects          4          40%
Final exam 2 hrs          1          35%

Workload

This paper is worth 18 points.
To achieve a good result in ANTH 309, it is suggested that your total workload should be around 180 hours, including lecture preparation and attendance, study time, and out-of-class project work. During the semester most people should average around 8 hours work on ANTH 309 per week (including lecture attendance).
A workload breakdown is provided below as a general guide only.
Lectures:                                  26 hours
Class preparation:                    <60 hours (i.e. about 2 hours for each of Lectures 1-26)
Internal assessment:                 <60 hours
Exam preparation:                   <30 hours
Final exam:                              ≤2 hours

Notices and Questions

Course notices will be posted electronically on Blackboard, and/or on the Department of Anthropology Notice Board at Richardson (formerly Hocken) Building, Second Floor lift foyer, and/or on the instructor’s website for this course (http://www.little-yeti.com/anth309/). Please check either Blackboard or the instructor’s website regularly. Questions regarding administrative matters should be directed to the Department of Anthropology Office, Richardson Second Floor.
Department of Anthropology Office:           Phone 479-8751.


 

Lecture details and readings

All Required readings are on reserve at the Central Library or available as an electronic document. Supplementary readings provide more background information (especially for exam study or essays). For general lecture preparation these may be skipped.  Required readings should be read before each lecture.

Lecture 1: 7 July                                 Theory: Terminology, Culture History and Time
Required:
            Flannery 1967
            Fabian 1983
            Guba 1990
            Lyman and O’Brien 2001
Supplementary:
            Green 2000    
            Trigger 2006: Chapter 6 - on closed reserve in Central Library
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 2: 10 July                               Processual, Cognitive & Marxist Archaeologies
Required:
            Freidman 1974
            Binford and Sabloff 1982
            Flannery & Marcus 1998
            Leone 1998
Supplementary:         
            Kohl 1985
            Leone, Potter and Shackel 1987
            Trigger 2006: Chapters 8 and 10 - on closed reserve in Central Library
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 3: 14 July                               Post-Processual and Interpretive Archaeology
Required:
            Barrett 1987
            Shanks & Hodder 1998
            Thomas 2000
Supplementary:         
            Tilley 1989
            Hodder 1991
            Bruck 2005
            Trigger 2006: Chapters 8 and 10 - on closed reserve in Central Library
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 4: 17 July                               Postmodernism, Agency & Processual-Plus
Required:
            Knapp 1996
            Dobres and Robb 2000
            Wylie 2002
            Hegmon 2003
Supplementary:         
            Barrett 2001
            Trigger 2006: Chapter 10 - on closed reserve in Central Library
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 5: 21 July                               Introduction to Space, Place & Landscape
Required:
            Knapp and Ashmore 1999 - on closed reserve in Central Library
            Casey 1996
            Thomas 2001
            Hamilton and Whitehouse 2006
Supplementary:
            Low and Lawrence-Zúñiga 2003
            Hirsch 1995
            Layton and Ucko 1999
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 6: 24 July                               Space, Place & Landscape: Power
Required:
            Mrozowski 1991           
            Foucault 1993
            Bender 1999
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 7: 28 July                              Space, Place & Landscape: Memory
Required:
            Brady and Ashmore 1999
            Tacon 1999
            van de Guchte 1999
Supplementary:
            Tarlow 2000
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 8: 31 July                               Space, Place & Landscape: Identity          
Required:
            Gonzalo 1999
            Barnes 1999
            Snead and Preucel 1999
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 9: 4 August                           Space, Place & Landscape: Social Order
Required:
            Schmidt 1983
            Buikstra and Charles 1999
            Meskell 1998
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 10: 7 August                         Space, Place & Landscape: Transformation
Required:
            Ingold 1993
            Richards 1999
            Schmidt 2006; Chapter Five - Tropes, Space, and Historical Archaeology 
Supplementary
            Barrett 1999   
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 11: 11 August                        Fundamentals of GIS I
Required:
            Schuurman or Chang (student’s choice); Skim
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 12: 14 August                        No Class due to Practical GIS Labs

Lecture 13: 18 August                       Introduction to Archaeological GIS
Required:
            Fisher 1999
            Kvamme 1999
            Ebert 2004
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 14: 21 August                     No Class due to Practical GIS Labs

Lecture 15: 01 September                  Data Management
Required:         
            Backhouse 2006
            Bosqued, Preysler, and Expiago 1996
           Gonzalez-Tennant (forthcoming - this is a proof, do not circulate)
Supplementary:
            Wheatley and Gillings 2002; Chapter Two "The Spatial Database"
            Tennant 2007
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 16: 04 September                     No Class due to Practical GIS Labs

Lecture 17: 8 September                    (inter)Visibility & Catchment Analysis
Required:
            Bernardini 2004
            Wheatley and Gillings 2002: Chapter 10
            Van Leusen 2003
Supplementary: (case studies)
            Gaffney, Stancic and Watson 1996
            Maschner 1996
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 18: 11 September                     No Class due to Practical GIS Labs                 

Lecture 19: 15 September                 Predictive Modelling and Simulation
Required:
            Kvamme 2006
            Potts, Torstad and Cole 1996
            Wheatley and Gillings 2002: Chapter 8
Supplementary:
            Peterson and Drennan 2005
PowerPoint Handout - PowerPoint Full Size

Lecture 20: 18 September                     No Class due to Practical GIS Labs

Lecture 21: 22 September                  Publication and Dissemination of Archaeological GIS
Required:
            Lock 2006
            Richards 2006
            Baines and Brophy 2006
No PowerPoint - Class Discussion

Lecture 22: 25 September                     No Class due to Practical GIS Labs

Lecture 23: 29 September                  Virtual Worlds
Required:
            de Certeau 1993
            Shimizu and Fuse 2006
            Earl 2006
            González-Tennant and González-Tennant 2008
No PowerPoint - Class Discussion

Lecture 24: 02 October                     No Class due to Practical GIS Labs

Lecture 25: 06 October                      Course and Test Review
Required:
            Crumley 1999
            van Dommelen 1999
            Evans and Daly 2006: Afterword
Study Guides will be handed out in class

Lecture 26: 09 October                      No Class!
No readings


 

TEXTBOOKS AND OTHER REFERENCES


Core Texts
Core texts will be on reserve in the Central Library. Students are expected to familiarize themselves with either the Chang or Schuurman book. The Chang book is for students interested in practical GIS skills while the Schuurman text is more abstract.

Ashmore, Wendy and A. Bernard Knapp. Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives. London: Blackwell Publishers.

Chang, Kang-tsung. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (with data CD-ROM). McGraw-Hill Publishers. [third or fourth edition]

Evans, Thomas L. and Patrick Daly. Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory. London: Routledge Publishing.

Schuurman, Nadine. GIS: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.

Wheatley, David and Mark Gillings. Spatial Technology and Archaeology: The Archaeological Applications of GIS. London: Taylor & Francis.
.


Required References
Students are responsible for all required readings. These readings as well as the book above will be on course reserve or E-Reserve.

Backhouse, Paul
2006   Drowning in Data? Digital Data in a British Contracting Unit. In Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory, ed. Thomas L. Evans and Patrick Daly, pp. 50-58. London: Routledge.

Baines, Andres and Kenneth Brophy
2006   What’s Another Word for Thesaurus? Data Standards and Classifying the Past. In Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory, ed. Thomas L. Evans and Patrick Daly, pp. 236-250. London: Routledge.

Barnes, Gina L.
1999   Buddhist Landscapes in East Asia. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 101-123. Oxford: Blackwell.

Barrett, John C.
1987   Contextual Archaeology.  Antiquity 61:468-473.

Barrett, John C.
1999   The Mythical Landscapes of the British Iron Age. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 253-268. Oxford: Blackwell.

Bender, Barbara
1999  Subverting the Western Gaze: Mapping Alternative Worlds. In The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape, ed. Peter J. Ucko and Robert Layton, pp. 31-45. London: Routledge.

Bernardini, Wesley
2004   Hopwell Geometric Earthworks: A Case Study in the Referential and Experiential Meaning of Monuments. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23:331-356.

Binford, Lewis R., and Jeremy A. Sabloff [D]
1982   Paradigms, Systematics, and Archaeology.  Journal of Anthropological Research 38(2):137-153.

Bosqued, Concepción Blasco, Javier Baena Preysler, and Javier Expiago
1996   The Role of GIS in the Management of Archaeological Data: An Example of Application for the Spanish Administration. In Anthropology, Space, and Geographic Information Systems, pp. 190-201. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Bradley, Matt
2006   Archaeological Survey in a Digital World. In Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory, ed. Thomas L. Evans and Patrick Daly, pp. 35-49. London: Routledge.

Brady, James E. and Wendy Ashmore
1999   Mountains, Caves, Water: Ideational Landscapes of the Ancient Maya. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 124-148. Oxford: Blackwell.

Buikstra, Jane E. and Douglas K. Charles
1999   Centering the Ancestors: Cemeteries, Mounds, and Sacred Landscapes of the Ancient North American Midcontinent. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 201-228. Oxford: Blackwell.

Casey, Edward S.
1996   How to Get from Space to Place in a Fairly Short Stretch of Time: Phenomenological Prolegmena. In Senses of Place, ed. Steven Feld and Keith H. Basso, pp. 13-52. Sante Fe, New Mexico: SAR Press.

Constantinidis
2003   The Interconnectivity of Cultural Sites: Sights and Sounds across a Landscape. In Computer Applications in Archaeology. Available from instructor as PDF.

Crumley, Carole L.
1999       Sacred Landscapes: Constructed and Conceptualized. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 269-276. Oxford: Blackwell.

de Certeau, Michel.
1993       Walking in the City. In The Cultural Studies Reader, ed. Simon During, pp. 126-33. London: Routledge.
Dobres, Marcia-Anne, and John E. Robb

2000   Agency in Archaeology: Paradigm or Platitude?  In Agency in Archaeology, ed. by Marcia-Anne Dobres and John E. Robb, pp. 3-17. London: Routledge.

Earl, Graeme P.
2006   At the Edges of the Lens: Photography, Graphical Construction and Cinematography. In Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory, ed. Thomas L. Evans and Patrick Daly, pp. 191-210. London: Routledge.

Ebert, David
2004       Applications of Archaeological GIS. Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 28(2): 319-341.

Evans, Thomas L. and Patrick Daly
2006   Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory. London: Routledge.

Fabian, Johannes
1983  Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object.  New York: Columbia University Press.
             Chap. 1: Time and the Emerging Other, pp. 1-35.

Fisher, Peter F.
1999       Geographical Information Systems: Today and Tomorrow? In Gillings, M., Mattingly, D., and van Dalen, J. (eds.), Geographical Information Systems and Landscape Archaeology, Oxbow Books, Park End Place, Oxford, pp. 5-12.

Flannery, Kent V.
1967   Culture History versus Cultural Process: A Debate in American Archaeology.  Scientific American 217:119-122.

Flannery, Kent V. and Joyce Marcus.
1998   Cognitive Archaeology. In Reader in Archaeological Theory: Post-Processual and Cognitive Approaches, ed. David S. Whitley, pp. 35-48. London: Routledge.

Foucault, Michel.
1993   Space, Power and Knowledge. In The Cultural Studies Reader, ed. Simon During, pp. 134-41. London: Routledge.

Friedman, Jonathan [D]
1974   Marxism, Structuralism and Vulgar Materialism.  Man n.s. 9:444-469. 

Gaffney, Vincent, Zoran Stancic and Helen Watson
1996   Moving from Catchments to Cognition: Tentative Steps Toward a Larger Archaeological Context for GIS. In Anthropology, Space, and Geographic Information Systems, ed Mark Aldenderfer and Herbert D. G. Maschner, pp. 132-154. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gearey, Benjamin R. and Henry P. Chapman
2006   ‘Digital Gardening’: An Approach to Simulating Elements of Palaeovegetation and Some Implications for the Interpretation of Prehistoric Sites and Landscapes. In Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory, ed. Thomas L. Evans and Patrick Daly, pp. 171-190. London: Routledge.

Gonzalez-Tennant, Diana and Edward Gonzalez-Tennant
2008    Using GIS to Document and Manage Heritage Resources at Kingsley Plantation, Ft. George Island, Florida. Poster presented at the 2008 Society for Historic Archaeology meetings in Albuquerque, NM, USA. [available online at www.little-yeti.com/Kingsley/index.shtml]

Gonzalo, Almudena Hernando
1999   The Perception of Landscape Amongst the Q'eqchi', A Groups of Slash-and-Burn Farmers in the Alta Verapaz (Guatemala). In The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape, ed. by Peter J. Ucko and Robert Layton, pp. 254-263. London: Routledge.

Guba, Egon C.
1990   The Alternative Paradigm Dialog.  In The Paradigm Dialog, ed. by Egon C. Guba, pp. 17-27.  Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Hamilton, Sue and Ruth Whitehouse
2005   Phenomenology in Practice: Towards a Methodology for a ‘Subjective’ Approach. European Journal of Archaeology 9(1):31-71.

Hegmon, Michelle
2003   Setting Theoretical Egos Aside: Issues and Theory in North American Archaeology.  American Antiquity 68:213-243.

Ingold, Tim
1993   The Temporality of the Landscape. World Archaeology 25(2):152-174.

Knapp, A. Bernard
1996   Archaeology Without Gravity: Postmodernism and the Past.  Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 3(2):127-158.

Kvamme, Kenneth L.
1999       Recent Directions and Developments in Geographical Information Systems. Journal of Archaeological Research, 7(2): 153-202.

Kvamme, Kenneth L.
2006   There and Back Again: Revisiting Archaeological Location Modelling. In GIS and Archaeological Site Location Modeling, ed. Mark W. Mehrer and Konnie L. Wescott, pp. 3-40.

Leone, Mark P.
1998   Symbolic, Structural, and Critical Archaeology. In Reader in Archaeological Theory: Post-Processual and Cognitive Approaches, ed. David S. Whitley, pp. 49-68. London: Routledge.

Kealhofer, Lisa
1999   Creating Social Identity in the Landscape: Tidewater, Virginia, 1600-1750, pp. 58-82. Oxford: Blackwell.

Knapp, A. Bernard and Wendy Ashmore
1999   Archaeological Landscapes: Constructed, Conceptualized, Ideational. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 1-32. Oxford: Blackwell.

Llobera, Marcos
2006   What You See is What You Get? Visualscapes, Visual Genesis and Hierarchy. In Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory, ed.. Thomas L. Evans and Patrick Daly, pp. 148-165. London: Routledge.

Lock, Gary
2006   Computers, Learning and Teaching in Archaeology: Life Past and Present on the Screen. In Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory, ed. Thomas L. Evans and Patrick Daly, pp. 226-235. London: Routledge.

Low, Setha A. and Denise Lawrence-Zúñiga
2003   Locating Culture. In the anthropology of space and place: locating culture, ed. Setha M. Low and Denise Lawrence Zúñiga, pp. 1-48. Oxford: Blackwell.

Lyman, R. Lee, and Michael J. O’Brien [D]
2001   The Direct Historical Approach, Analogical Reasoning, and Theory in Americanist Archaeology.  Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 8(4):303-342.

Maschner, Herbert D. G.
1996   The Poltics of Settlement Choice on the Northwest Coast: Cognition, GIS, and Coastal Landscapes. In Anthropology, Space, and Geographic Information Systems, ed Mark Aldenderfer and Herbert D. G. Maschner, pp. 175-189. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Meskell, Lyn
1998   An Archaeology of Social Relations in an Egyptian Village. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 5:209-243.

Mrozowski, Stephen A.
1991   Landscapes of Inequality. In The Archaeology of Inequality, ed. Randall H. McGuire and Robert Paynter, pp. 79-101. Oxford: Blackwell.

Peterson, Christian E. and Robert D. Drennan
2005   Communities, Settlements, Sites, and Surveys: Regional-Scale Analysis of Prehistoric Human Interaction. American Antiquity, 70(1):5-30.

Potts, Richard, Tom Torstad and Daniel Cole
1996   The Role of GIS in the Interdisciplinary Investigations at Olorgesailie, Kenya, a Pleistocene Archaeological Locality. In Anthropology, Space, and Geographic Information Systems, ed Mark Aldenderfer and Herbert D. G. Maschner, pp. 202-213. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Richards, Janet E.
1999   Conceptual Landscapes in the Egyptian Nile Valley. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 83-100. Oxford: Blackwell.

Richards, Julian D.
2006   Electronic Publication in Archaeology. In Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory, ed. Thomas L. Evans and Patrick Daly, pp. 213-225. London: Routledge.

Schmidt, Peter R.
1983   An Alternative to a Strictly Materialist Perspective: A Review of Historical Archaeology, Ethnoarchaeology, and Symbolic Approaches in African Archaeology. American Antiquity 48: 62-79.

Schmidt, Peter R.
2006   Historical Archaeology in Africa: Representation, Social Memory, and Oral Traditions. Sante Fe, New Mexico: AltaMira Press.

Shanks, Michael and Ian Hodder
1998   Processual, Postprocessual and Interpretive Archaeologies. In Reader in Archaeological Theory: Post-Processual and Cognitive Approaches, ed. David S. Whitley, pp. 69-98. London: Routledge.

Shimizu, Eihan and Takashi Fuse
2006   A Method for Visualizing the Landscapes of Old-Time Cities Using GIS. In GIS-Based Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences, ed. Atsuyuki Okabe, pp. 265-278. Boca Rotan, Florida, USA: CRC Press.

Snead, James E. and Robert W. Preucel
1999   The Ideology of Settlement: Ancestral Keres Landscapes in the Northern Rio Grande. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 169-200. Oxford: Blackwell.

Tacon, Paul S. C.
1999   Identifying Ancient Sacred Landscapes in Australia: From Physical to Social. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 33-57. Oxford: Blackwell.

Thomas, Julian 
200      Introduction: The Polarities of Post-Processual Archaeology. In Interpretive Archaeology: A Reader, ed. Julian Thomas, pp. 1-20. London: Leicester University Press.

Thomas, Julian.
2001   Archaeologies of Place and Landscape. In Archaeological Theory Today, ed. Ian Hodder, pp. 165-86. Malden, MA: Polity, 2001.

van de Guchte, Maarten
1999   The Inca Cognition of Landscape: Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and the Aesthetic of Alterity. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 169-168. Oxford: Blackwell.

van Dommelen, Pete
1999   Exploring Everyday Places and Cosmologies. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 277-285. Oxford: Blackwell.

van Leusen, Martijn
2003   Visibility of Landscape: An Exploration of GIS Modelling Techniques. In Computer Applications in Archaeology (2003). Available from the instructor as PDF.

Wheatley, David and Mark Gillings
2002   Spatial Technology and Archaeology: The Archaeological Applications of GIS. London: Taylor and Francis.

Wylie, Alison
2002   “Heavily Decomposing Red Herrings”: Middle Ground in the Anti-/Postprocessualism Wars. In Thinking from Things: Essays in the Philosophy of Archaeology, pp. 171-178. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Supplementary References
These texts are available in the library and perhaps on course reserve. Students are not responsible for these readings.

Barrett, John C.
2001   Agency, The Duality of Structure, and the Problem of the Archaeological Record.  In Archaeological Theory Today, ed. by Ian Hodder, pp. 141-164.  Cambridge: Polity Press.

Bruck, Joanna
2005   Experience the Past? The Development of a Phenomenological Archaeology in British Prehistory. Archaeological Dialogues 12(1):45-72.

Conolly, James and Mark Lake
2006   Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Green, Roger C.
2000   Trigger’s Holistic Archaeology and Pacific Culture History. In The Entangled Past: Integrating History and Archaeology, ed. by M. Boyd, J. C. Erwin, and M. Hendrickson, pp. 127-137.  Alberta: The Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary.

Hirsch, Eric
1995   Introduction: Landscape: Between Place and Space. In The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space, ed. Eric Hirsch and Michael O’Hanlon, pp. 1-30. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hodder, Ian
1991   Interpretive Archaeology and Its Role.  American Antiquity 56(1):7-18.

Kohl, Philip L.
1985   Symbolic, Cognitive Archaeology: A New Loss of Innocence.  Dialectical Anthropology 9:105-117.

Kvamme, Kenneth L.
2003   Geophysical Surveys as Landscape Archaeology. American Antiquity 68(3):435-457.

Layton, Robert and Peter J. Ucko
1999   Introduction: Gazing on the Landscape and Encountering the Environment. In The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: Shaping Your Landscape, ed. Peter J. Ucko and Robert Layton, pp. 1-20. London: Routledge.

Leone, Mark P., Parker B. Potter, Jr., and Paul A. Shackel
1987   Toward a Critical Archaeology.  Current Anthropology 28(3):283-302. 

Llobera, Marcos
1996   Exploring the Topography of Mind: GIS, Social Space and Archaeology. Antiquity 70:612-622.

Tarlow, Sarah
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